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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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"Rotator cuff arthropathy: Insights into this under-recognized entity".

Soham Banerjee1, Stanzin Spalkit1, Ankur Goyal1

  • 1Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rotator cuff arthropathy (RCA) is a severe shoulder condition resulting from untreated rotator cuff tears. Accurate diagnosis through imaging and comprehensive reporting are crucial for timely patient management.

Keywords:
ArthroplastyDiagnostic imagingReverse total shoulder arthroplastyRotator Cuff / physiopathologyRotator Cuff / surgeryRotator cuff injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Rotator cuff tears are prevalent in athletes and older adults.
  • Rotator cuff arthropathy (RCA) is the advanced stage of neglected rotator cuff tears, causing significant shoulder dysfunction.
  • RCA typically manifests in individuals in their seventh decade of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide teaching points for the accurate diagnosis of rotator cuff arthropathy (RCA).
  • To emphasize the importance of comprehensive radiological reporting for effective management of RCA.
  • To highlight potential diagnostic challenges and pitfalls in identifying RCA on imaging.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article focusing on diagnostic criteria and reporting standards for RCA.
  • The review synthesizes current knowledge on clinical suspicion and imaging modalities for RCA diagnosis.
  • Emphasis is placed on identifying key imaging findings crucial for surgical planning.

Main Results:

  • Imaging is essential for confirming RCA diagnosis, though it can be overlooked on radiographs and MRIs.
  • Radiologists may prioritize rotator cuff tears over arthropathy findings.
  • Inexperienced radiologists might miss critical details like muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and tendon retraction.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate and timely diagnosis of RCA is vital for appropriate patient management.
  • Comprehensive radiological reports, including muscle status and tendon anatomy, are essential for surgical decision-making.
  • Enhanced radiologist awareness and reporting are key to improving outcomes for patients with RCA.