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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Analysis of Electrocardiograms and Behavior in Mice from Pregnancy to Lactation Period
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Fetal network controllability co-develops with synaptic development and synchronizes with maternal network

Huili Sun, Takuya Toyonaga, Saloni Mehta

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    |January 16, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Fetal brain development shows a U-shaped controllability curve, reaching a minimum around 35 weeks gestation. This trajectory is linked to synaptic development and inversely correlates with maternal brain changes during pregnancy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Biology
    • Network Science

    Background:

    • White matter development in the fetal period is crucial for cognitive functions.
    • The relationship between fetal brain development, network controllability, and cognitive capacity is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the developmental trajectory of brain network controllability from the second trimester to the first postnatal month using network control theory (NCT).
    • To explore the relationship between fetal controllability, synaptic development, and maternal controllability during pregnancy.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of structural connectivity data from fetuses and infants (Developing Human Connectome Project).
    • Application of network control theory (NCT) to assess whole-brain controllability.
    • Analysis of fetal gene expression data and non-human primate positron emission tomography (PET) scans for synaptic density.
    • Longitudinal mapping of maternal brain controllability during pregnancy.

    Main Results:

    • A nonlinear U-shaped developmental curve of whole-brain controllability was identified in fetuses, with a minimum around 35 weeks gestation.
    • Preterm birth altered these trajectories, showing increased controllability and earlier minimums.
    • Fetal synaptic functions co-developed with controllability, and increased synaptic density in non-human primates correlated with reduced human fetal controllability.
    • Maternal controllability exhibited an inverse U-shaped trajectory, peaking around 36 weeks, inversely correlating with fetal controllability.

    Conclusions:

    • Fetal brain controllability follows a nonlinear developmental trajectory that is closely linked to synaptic development.
    • This trajectory synchronizes with maternal brain controllability changes during pregnancy, suggesting a coordinated developmental process.
    • Understanding these dynamics offers insights into neurodevelopmental trajectories and potential impacts of preterm birth.