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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

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Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
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Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

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In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects
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Engineering delivery platforms for controlled nitric oxide release.

Sang-Hun Choi1, Chae Yeon Han1, Kyeong Jin Cho1

  • 1School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea. jihoonkim@cau.ac.kr.

Biomaterials Science
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide (NO) delivery faces challenges due to poor stability and control. New NO donor compounds and advanced delivery platforms like nanoparticles and hydrogels offer potential for precise, targeted therapies.

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Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule with therapeutic potential in various fields.
  • Clinical use of NO is limited by poor solubility, rapid degradation, and lack of controlled release.
  • Existing NO donors have distinct advantages and limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in nitric oxide (NO) donor chemistry and delivery systems.
  • To classify NO donors into unstable and stable categories.
  • To highlight the integration of NO donor chemistry with materials design for enhanced therapeutic delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of NO donors into unstable (e.g., N-diazeniumdiolates, S-nitrosothiols, SIN-1) and stable (e.g., O2-protected diazeniumdiolates, protected SIN-1, nitrobenzene derivatives, BNN6) types.
  • Review of advanced delivery platforms including nanoparticles, hydrogels, xerogels, liposomes, and inorganic materials.
  • Analysis of stimuli-triggered NO release mechanisms and tissue-specific targeting strategies.

Main Results:

  • Development of diverse NO donors with varying release characteristics.
  • Engineering of delivery platforms enabling precise, stimuli-triggered NO release.
  • Demonstration of improved stability and tissue-specific targeting for NO delivery systems.

Conclusions:

  • Integration of NO donor chemistry with materials science offers significant potential for controlled NO-based therapies.
  • Advanced delivery platforms can overcome physicochemical limitations of NO.
  • Further research is needed to translate these NO delivery systems into clinical applications.