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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

423
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
423
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
393
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

381
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
381
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

247
Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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A Comprehensive Echocardiographic Guide for Mitral Valve Repair - A Narrative Review.

Praveen Kumar Neema1, P Nagarjuna2

  • 1Former Prof. and Head, Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia, Amrita Institute for Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Accurate diagnosis of mitral regurgitation (MR) using 2D and 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) is crucial for successful mitral valve repair. TEE also helps identify residual MR and systolic anterior motion (SAM) post-surgery.

Keywords:
Left ventricular outflow tract obstructionmitral regurgitationmitral valve repairsystolic anterior motion of mitral valvetransesophageal echocardiography

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) necessitates precise diagnosis for effective mitral valve repair.
  • Mitral valve repair can occasionally lead to residual MR, mitral stenosis, or systolic anterior motion (SAM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review 2D and 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) methods for MR evaluation.
  • To detail TEE's role in identifying MR mechanisms, predicting SAM, and assessing post-repair complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of 2D and 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) imaging techniques.
  • Analysis of TEE's utility in pre-operative MR assessment and post-operative complication detection.

Main Results:

  • 2D and 3D TEE precisely diagnose MR mechanisms, location, and scallops.
  • TEE identifies predictors of SAM and aids in managing residual lesions and post-repair complications like stenosis or SAM.
  • TEE evaluation is critical for differentiating mild from more-than-mild residual MR.

Conclusions:

  • 2D and 3D TEE are essential tools for guiding mitral valve repair and managing its potential complications.
  • Accurate pre-operative and post-operative assessment with TEE improves patient outcomes in mitral regurgitation management.