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Related Concept Videos

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
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Face Perforators: An Anatomical Study.

Cagri A Uysal1, Sahin M Alagoz2, Suleyman Savran1

  • 1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study maps facial skin perforators, revealing key areas for flap viability in reconstruction. Findings guide precise surgical planning for improved facial reconstruction outcomes.

Keywords:
Cadaveric studyfacial perforatorsperforator flapsvascular anatomy

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Facial reconstruction success depends on flap viability, necessitating detailed vascular anatomy knowledge.
  • The regional distribution and clinical significance of facial skin perforators are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map facial perforator distribution and diameter via cadaveric dissection.
  • To illustrate the clinical utility of these perforators in reconstructive surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 10 hemifacial cadaver specimens after carotid artery injection with colored latex.
  • Microscopic examination and measurement of facial skin perforators (≥0.10 mm) across 10 defined facial regions.
  • Inclusion of two clinical cases to correlate anatomical findings with reconstructive outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Highest perforator density observed in preauricular and buccal regions.
  • Significant regional variation in perforator diameter, largest in the buccal region and smallest in the eyelid region.
  • Identification of dominant perforators in submental and zygomatico-orbital areas, with a dense microperforator network elsewhere.

Conclusions:

  • Facial skin perfusion involves both consistent axial perforators and a diffuse microperforator network.
  • Understanding this vascular architecture enhances indications for perforator-based flaps.
  • Provides anatomical guidance for safer, flexible, and tissue-preserving facial reconstruction.