Cultural Psychology for a Technologically Transformed Society: A Neo-Structuration Perspective

This paper examines the project of cultural psychology proposed by Aaro Toomela in his recent paper (2025) through the prism of current discussions in sociology, primarily the theory of neo-structuration. This theory claims the increasing dependence of the transformation and the very survival of institutions and communities upon human agency, which is principally not determined by social environment. Toomela is right and timely in his critique of the mainstream and his call for a structural-systemic approach to psyche and culture, relying upon the ideas of Vygotsky, Luria and Anokhin, including the idea of a possible transformative stance of the individual towards the surrounding world. However, more attention should be paid to the most recent changes in socio-technical environment, primarily those brought about by the Artificial Intelligence, which entails both risks and opportunities by increasing the transformative power of human agency and becoming a producer and disseminator of cultural (or quasi-cultural) content. Considering this, we, first, suggest refinements to the definitions of "culture" and "psyche", proposed by Toomela, and, second, offer preliminary answers to the three basic questions that Toomela puts forward in his paper (2025): (1) What is the whole? (2) What are the parts or elements of the whole? (3) In which particular relationships these parts are? We argue that human agency, enhanced by novel technological tools and understood as a capacity to generate not only linguistic signs but new communities and modes of action - is an important theme for cultural psychology from both theoretical and practical points of view.