Lexical brain responses in 10-year-old children are impaired in dyslexia: An FPVS-EEG study

The developmental origin of the left occipitotemporal cortex specialization for automatic lexical access from vision remains unclear. Here we investigated cortical specialization for print processing in children with or without dyslexia, focusing on two distinct tuning levels: coarse-grained tuning for letter/symbol discrimination, and fine-grained tuning for word/pseudoword discrimination. 10-year-old typical readers (n = 24) and children with dyslexia (n = 14) were tested with electroencephalography (EEG) and fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS), viewing streams of stimuli at a relatively fast rate (6 Hz) for 40 s with deviant categories every 5 items (at 6 Hz/5 = 1.2 Hz). Deviant words or pseudowords among pseudo-font strings elicited clear coarse ocicpito-temporal discrimination responses significantly larger over the left than the right hemisphere (LH), numerically larger in typical readers. Unlike in adults, these responses were unaffected by lexicality. Deviant regular or irregular words among matched pseudowords generated a finer-grained word-selective response only over the LH. While irregular words elicited similar brain responses in both groups, regular words were not discriminated from pseudowords in children with dyslexia. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of FPVS-EEG to implicitly detect lexical neural responses in 10 years old children within a few minutes, as well as atypical lexical processing in children with dyslexia.