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Sex-based hormonal influences on asthma biomarkers
Ishitha Jagadish1, Divya Shah1, Jennifer Priessnitz2
1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Ariz.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|January 16, 2026
Summary
Asthma shows significant sex differences, with boys having higher eosinophil and IgE levels, while adult women experience greater severity. Understanding these sex-specific asthma biomarkers is key for personalized treatment.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonology and Immunology
- Biomarker Research
Background:
- Asthma affects 25 million in the U.S., with notable sex disparities in prevalence, phenotype, and treatment.
- Hormonal and immunologic factors contribute to increased asthma severity in adult women compared to boys.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current evidence on sex-specific differences in asthma biomarkers.
- To explore the underlying mechanisms driving these variations.
Main Methods:
- Literature review synthesizing studies on asthma biomarkers.
- Analysis of sex-stratified data on biomarkers like BEC, FeNO, IgE, IL-5, and others.
Main Results:
- Boys with asthma show higher blood eosinophil counts (BECs), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and immunoglobulin E (IgE).
- Post-pubertal females exhibit increased interleukin-5 (IL-5) and other markers, while males show higher ceramide concentrations.
Conclusions:
- Sex hormones influence immune responses in asthma, impacting biomarker profiles.
- Validated sex-specific biomarkers can improve asthma phenotyping and personalize management strategies.
Keywords:
IL-13IL-4IL-5Sexadipokinesadiponectinasthmabasophil activation markerschemokineschitinase-3-like protein 1cysteinyl leukotrienescytokineseosinophilsexhaled breath condensate markersfractional exhaled nitric oxidegenderimmunoglobulin EleptinmicroRNAmyeloperoxidaseneutrophil elastaseperiostinserum amyloid Asex differencessex hormonessphingosine-1-phosphatesurfactant proteinstryptase
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