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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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CancerSEA-X: A Single-cell Resource for Tumor Microenvironment Cell States Across over 30 Cancer Types.

Lantian Deng1, Wei Liu1, Jinyuan Xu1

  • 1College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
|January 17, 2026
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Summary

CancerSEA-X expands the CancerSEA atlas, detailing 156 tumor microenvironment (TME) cell states from over 9 million cells. This resource aids in understanding cancer heterogeneity and developing novel therapies.

Keywords:
Biological databaseCancer cell stateSingle-cell RNA sequencingTranscriptional heterogeneityTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Cancer Biology
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Single-cell studies reveal significant transcriptional and functional heterogeneity in cancers.
  • Distinct cancer, immune, and stromal cell states within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are increasingly recognized for their clinical and therapeutic importance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present CancerSEA-X, an expanded version of CancerSEA, providing a comprehensive atlas of TME cell states.
  • To offer functional activity spectra and cancer-specific gene associations for identified cell states.
  • To enhance usability for researchers exploring TME cell states and their functional relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic curation of publications to integrate cancer, immune, and stromal cell states.
  • Aggregation of 239 single-cell datasets (over 9 million cells from 2120 patients) across 32 cancer types.
  • Development of an interactive user interface for cell state characterization, gene correlation analysis, and network visualization.

Main Results:

  • CancerSEA-X integrates 25 cancer, 105 immune, and 26 stromal cell states, totaling 156 distinct TME cell states.
  • Provides functional activity spectra and gene associations for each cell state, mapped onto networks for a systematic TME view.
  • Features an improved user interface for comprehensive exploration of cell states and their functional relevance.

Conclusions:

  • CancerSEA-X serves as a valuable platform for investigating TME cell states and cancer heterogeneity.
  • Facilitates a deeper understanding of the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Potentially advances the design of more effective clinical therapies by elucidating TME cell state roles.