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Chemical Proteomics Identifies Ketogenesis-Mediated Cysteine Modifications Regulating Redox Function.

Yuan-Fei Zhou1, Ling Zhang1, Zhuoyi L Niu1

  • 1Desai Sethi Urology Institute & Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 17, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketone bodies like acetoacetate can modify proteins on cysteine residues, not just lysine. This study identifies a new cysteine crotonation modification linked to reactive oxygen species regulation.

Keywords:
Cysteine modificationsKetone bodyProtein modificationsProteomicsRedox regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Ketogenesis produces ketone bodies (Bhb, Acac) that mediate lysine acylations.
  • The potential for non-lysine post-translational modifications (PTMs) by reactive metabolites remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel PTMs induced by acetoacetate.
  • To identify the specific proteins and amino acid residues modified by acetoacetate.
  • To elucidate the functional consequences of these new modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an acetoacetate-alkyne (Acac-alkyne) chemical probe for metabolic labeling.
  • Application of chemical proteomics with an open-search strategy.
  • Validation using probe-based and peptide-based co-elution assays.
  • Metabolic pathway tracing to identify key enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Acetoacetate induces previously uncharacterized cysteine modifications in mammalian cells.
  • Cysteine crotonation (Ccr) was identified and validated as a novel PTM.
  • BDH1 and ECHS1 were identified as key enzymes in Ccr formation.
  • Ccr at PRDX3 C229 impairs protein dimerization and redox activity.

Conclusions:

  • Ketone metabolism is a novel source of cysteine modifications.
  • Cysteine crotonation provides a new mechanistic link between ketone bodies and cellular processes.
  • This discovery offers insights into the regulation of reactive oxygen species by ketone bodies.