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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

7.2K
Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
7.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

12.6K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
12.6K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

7.3K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
7.3K
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

12.8K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
12.8K
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

9.1K
Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
9.1K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.8K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.8K

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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

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Empowering Precision C-H Functionalization: Advances in Peroxygenase Engineering.

Shuaiqi Meng1,2, Zhongyu Li3, Yuncheng Du4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peroxygenases are engineered biocatalysts for selective C-H functionalization, offering a green chemistry approach. Recent advances enhance their expression, activity, and selectivity for synthesizing valuable chemicals.

Keywords:
Cytochrome P450C–H functionalizationPeroxygenaseProtein engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and Synthetic Chemistry
  • Enzyme Engineering
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Selective C-H functionalization is a key challenge in synthesizing complex molecules.
  • Peroxygenases catalyze oxyfunctionalization reactions efficiently using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in peroxygenase engineering for C-H functionalization.
  • To highlight strategies for improving enzyme performance and expanding applications.

Main Methods:

  • Protein engineering to enhance heterologous expression, catalytic activity, and selectivity.
  • Repurposing P450 enzymes into self-sufficient peroxygenases.
  • Integrating peroxygenases with in situ H₂O₂ generation systems.

Main Results:

  • Engineered peroxygenases show improved expression, activity, and regio-/enantioselectivity.
  • Modified P450s demonstrate expanded catalytic capabilities.
  • Combined systems ensure balanced H₂O₂ delivery and sustained enzyme turnover.

Conclusions:

  • Peroxygenases are robust and versatile catalysts for selective C-H functionalization.
  • These biocatalysts offer sustainable routes for pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals.