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Dissecting Cardiovascular Responses to a Fixed-Interval Volitional Sighing Protocol Using a Mixed Modeling Approach.

Neel Muzumdar1, Kelly Sun1, Samuel Zhang1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volitional sighing, using the fixed-interval volitional sighing (FIVS) protocol, reliably activates the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular responses. This accessible method may serve as a novel stress test for detecting early signs of cardiovascular dysfunction.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Function
  • Respiratory Regulation

Background:

  • Sighing elicits a sympathetic cardiovascular response, similar to exercise.
  • This response has potential for use in graded stress testing to identify preclinical cardiovascular changes.
  • Current methods for assessing cardiovascular stress reactivity may not be universally accessible or sensitive to early dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the fixed-interval volitional sighing (FIVS) protocol for cardiovascular stress testing.
  • To characterize cardiovascular and autonomic responses to FIVS at varying sighing frequencies.
  • To explore sex-based differences in responses to the FIVS protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the fixed-interval volitional sighing (FIVS) protocol, pacing sighs at 30-second and 15-second intervals.
  • Recruited 250 healthy college students (65% female) to undergo baseline and FIVS tasks.
  • Continuously measured heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and respiration, analyzing responses using mixed models.

Main Results:

  • FIVS significantly increased HR, low-frequency heart rate variability (LF-HRV), pulse transit time variability (PTTv), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and low-frequency blood pressure variability (LF-BPV).
  • Responses were more pronounced with shorter sighing intervals (15s vs. 30s), indicating a dose-dependent effect.
  • Males showed greater increases in sympathetic indices (HR, LF-HRV, LF-BPV, PTTv) compared to females, who had smaller decreases in high-frequency HRV (HF-HRV).

Conclusions:

  • Volitional sighing, via the FIVS protocol, effectively induces sympathetic activation and cardiovascular changes.
  • The FIVS protocol demonstrates graded responses based on sighing frequency and intensity.
  • Detected sex differences suggest FIVS can identify individual variations in cardiovascular reactivity, potentially serving as an accessible stress test for early dysfunction detection.