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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.7K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
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Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Interface Effect on the Nucleation of Lithium Pitting.

Hanrui Zhang1, Weixi Tian2, Yanjun Guo1

  • 1John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

ACS Nano
|January 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding lithium (Li) metal anode pitting is key for safer, longer-lasting batteries. This study reveals how solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and charge transfer kinetics influence pit formation, guiding better electrolyte design.

Keywords:
2D nucleation3D nucleationcharge transfer (CT)nucleation of lithium pittingsolid electrolyte interphase (SEI)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Lithium (Li) metal anode pitting significantly affects Li-metal battery cyclability and safety.
  • The influence of the electrode/electrolyte interphase on pitting nucleation remains unclear.
  • Decoupling solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) effects is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct roles of SEI and interfacial charge transfer on Li metal anode pitting nucleation.
  • To understand how electrolyte composition impacts pitting morphology and kinetics.
  • To provide insights for designing advanced Li-metal batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Galvanostatic and potentiostatic stripping experiments on Li metal anodes.
  • Analysis of pit size, density, and nucleation mode under different electrolyte conditions (ether vs. carbonate).
  • Correlation of pitting behavior with SEI properties and interfacial charge transfer kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Ether electrolytes produced larger, sparser pits under galvanostatic stripping due to lower overpotential.
  • Potentiostatic stripping showed smaller pits and higher nucleation density in ether electrolytes, indicating faster nucleation rates.
  • Fast charge transfer kinetics (ether electrolytes) promoted 2D nucleation, while slow kinetics (carbonate electrolyte) favored 3D nucleation.
  • SEI primarily influenced stripping overpotential and pit morphology.

Conclusions:

  • Interfacial charge transfer kinetics are critical in determining Li anode pitting mode and kinetics.
  • SEI composition impacts overpotential and pit morphology, but charge transfer dictates nucleation dimensionality.
  • This research clarifies SEI and CT roles, aiding the design of electrolytes and cycling profiles for next-generation Li-metal batteries.