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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Neurodiversity in surgery: Embracing cognitive difference in a demanding profession.

Michael El Boghdady1, Hussayn Shinwari2

  • 1The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Surgery, Royal Surrey Hospital, England, UK.

The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland
|January 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neurodivergent surgeons possess valuable skills but face significant barriers in surgical training and practice. Increased awareness and inclusive support systems are crucial for their success and for enhancing workforce diversity in surgery.

Keywords:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)Differential attainmentDiversity and InclusionNeurodivergent surgeonsNeurodiversitySpecific learning difficulties (SpLD)Surgical trainingWorkplace accommodations

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Neurodiversity in Healthcare

Background:

  • Neurodiversity, encompassing conditions like autism and ADHD, is recognized in education but underexplored in surgery.
  • Understanding neurodiversity in surgical professions is vital for inclusive workforce development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the existing literature on neurodiversity among surgeons and healthcare professionals.
  • To identify prevalence, challenges, strengths, and support needs of neurodivergent individuals in surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching multiple databases up to July 2025.
  • Independent screening, data extraction, and appraisal of eligible studies by two reviewers.
  • Narrative synthesis organized into five key domains: prevalence, challenges, strengths, supports, and cultural aspects.

Main Results:

  • Four studies met inclusion criteria, with varying prevalence rates of neurodivergent traits (e.g., 31.6% ADHD symptoms in Turkish trainees).
  • Neurodivergent trainees reported challenges with assessments and professional expectations, alongside cited strengths like creativity and resilience.
  • Supportive interventions and fair recruitment processes show potential to mitigate disadvantages faced by neurodivergent surgeons.

Conclusions:

  • Neurodiversity is under-recognized in surgery, despite the valuable contributions of neurodivergent surgeons.
  • Systemic and cultural barriers hinder neurodivergent surgeons; greater awareness and accommodations are necessary.
  • Inclusive training frameworks and reduced stigma are essential to support neurodivergent surgeons and foster a diverse surgical workforce.