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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Aortic Tissues in Atherosclerosis
Published on: October 25, 2024
Artery Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Form Neuroimmune Cardiovascular Interfaces in Atherosclerosis
Sarajo K Mohanta1,2, Mingyang Hong1,2, Xinyi Deng1
1Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
Artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) form in atherosclerotic arteries, not healthy ones. These structures create neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs) that link the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems, influencing disease progression.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Biology
- Immunology
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Arterial walls have three layers: intima, media, and adventitia.
- Adventitia contains immune cells, vessels, and nerves.
- Atherosclerosis involves arterial wall inflammation and lipid deposition.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) and their role in atherosclerosis.
- To explore the formation and function of neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs).
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on ATLOs and NICIs.
- Analysis of immune cell subtypes and structures within ATLOs.
- Examination of interactions between nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems.
Main Results:
- ATLOs develop in atherosclerotic arterial segments, particularly in the adventitia.
- Stage-III ATLOs feature germinal centers, indicating B cell maturation.
- ATLOs form NICIs, connecting atherosclerotic plaques to the immune system and nervous system.
Conclusions:
- ATLOs are key structures in atherosclerotic arteries.
- NICIs facilitate communication between the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems.
- NICIs may significantly impact atherosclerosis progression through autoantibody production and signal transmission.
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