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Asexual Reproduction in Sponges: A Review.

Alexander V Ereskovsky1,2, Andrey I Lavrov3

  • 1Aix Marseille University, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Marseille, France.

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Summary

Sponges reproduce asexually through fragmentation, budding, and gemmulation. These diverse methods highlight sponge adaptability and evolutionary strategies for survival and propagation.

Keywords:
Poriferabuddingfragmentationgemmulationmorphogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Sponges (phylum Porifera) represent an early-branching lineage of Metazoa.
  • Their long, independent evolution makes them crucial for studying metazoan biology's early evolution.
  • Asexual reproduction is a key aspect of sponge biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a critical overview of asexual reproduction modes in sponges.
  • To emphasize the morphogenetic processes involved in sponge asexual reproduction.
  • To analyze the evolutionary significance of different asexual reproduction strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sponge reproduction.
  • Comparative analysis of fragmentation, budding, and gemmulation.
  • Focus on the morphogenetic differences across sponge classes.

Main Results:

  • Asexual reproduction occurs in all poriferan clades via fragmentation, budding, and gemmulation.
  • Fragmentation is a universal, passive mode relying on regeneration.
  • Budding mechanisms differ between Demospongiae (mesenchymal) and other classes (epithelial).
  • Gemmulation, unique to certain freshwater and brackish-water demosponges, involves dormant thesocytes within protective coats.

Conclusions:

  • Asexual reproduction is diverse and widespread across sponge clades.
  • Gemmulation serves as both a reproductive and survival strategy in unstable environments.
  • Understanding these processes offers insights into metazoan evolutionary history.