Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay08:18

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

9.6K
Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well...
9.6K
Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

6.6K
Two methods of cholesterol enrichment are presented: the application of cyclodextrin saturated with cholesterol to enrich mammalian tissues and cells, and the use of cholesterol-enriched phospholipid-based dispersions (liposomes) to enrich Xenopus oocytes. These methods are instrumental for determining the impact of elevated cholesterol levels in molecular, cellular, and organ...
6.6K
Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish09:27

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

4.0K
Here, we present how to generate a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) zebrafish model to study the impact of cholesterol surplus on liver microenvironment and immune cell...
4.0K
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies10:11

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

19.6K
Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are...
19.6K
Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome06:04

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

1.4K
Endothelial/vascular aging and atherogenesis are key mechanisms that promote the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present protocol describes methods to evaluate arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis in patients with related risk factors, which are highly valuable in the cardiovascular research...
1.4K
Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

13.1K
In this article, a protocol for infection of macrophages with Cryptococcus neoformans is described. Also, a method for sterol depletion from the macrophages is explained. These protocols provide a guide to study fungal infections in vitro and examine the role of sterols in such infections.
13.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 complete and partial deficiency markedly accelerates apolipoprotein B48 and B100 metabolism in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans.

Journal of internal medicine·2026
Same author

Evidence for multiple past introgressions among chimpanzee subspecies during warming periods.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Macroevolutionary patterns of endocast lateralization in catarrhines and fossil hominins.

Brain, behavior and evolution·2026
Same author

Targeting triglycerides for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Internal and emergency medicine·2026
Same author

Replay: Refining the Hepatic Risk Interpretation in APOB Loss-Of-Function.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same author

Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: A cross-sectional analysis from the HICC registry.

Atherosclerosis·2026
Same journal

MSR1 Drives MASLD Progression Via Disrupting FoxO3a-SOD3 Mediated Redox Balance in Liver Macrophages.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same journal

HBV-Specific T Cell Responses for Short-Term Hepatitis Progression Prediction: A Comparative, Interpretable Machine Learning Study.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same journal

Diagnostic Performance of Serum AKR1B10 in Early-Stage and AFP-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicentre Study.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same journal

Impact of Antiviral Therapy Scale-Up Among People Who Inject Drugs in Scotland: Regional Evidence of Hepatitis C Virus Elimination.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same journal

From Diagnosis to Durability: A Review of the European Bulevirtide Experience and Practical Learnings for CHD Management.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
Same journal

Pathomechanism of Fever-Induced Liver Failure in NBAS Deficiency and Treatment Effect of NAC-Observations In Vitro and In Vivo.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay
08:18

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K

Low Cholesterol due to APOB Variants: Exploring the Balance Between Liver and Cardiovascular Risk.

Alessia Di Costanzo1, Ilaria Pirona2, Silvia Buonaiuto3

  • 1Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lifelong inactivation of the APOB gene significantly lowers cardiovascular risk but elevates chronic liver disease (CLD) risk, particularly in individuals with obesity and diabetes. This highlights a critical balance between cardiovascular protection and liver health.

Keywords:
APOB genecardiovascular protectiondrug targetsinactivating variantsliver disease risk

More Related Videos

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

Published on: March 25, 2020

6.6K
Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish
09:27

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

Published on: April 1, 2021

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay
08:18

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.6K
Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
10:12

Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

Published on: March 25, 2020

6.6K
Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish
09:27

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

Published on: April 1, 2021

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Lifelong apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene inactivation reduces LDL-C and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • However, it impairs hepatic lipoprotein export, increasing the risk of chronic liver disease (CLD).
  • The influence of common steatogenic factors on this risk and the long-term balance between CVD protection and CLD risk in APOB variant carriers are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term cardiovascular and chronic liver disease (CLD) risks in individuals with APOB loss-of-function (LoF) variants.
  • To assess how common steatogenic factors modify these risks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of UK Biobank data from 241 APOB LoF carriers and 410,721 non-carriers.
  • Stratification based on steatogenic risk factors: age, sex, diabetes, BMI, alcohol intake, and PNPLA3-rs738409 genotype.
  • Assessment of associations with transaminase levels, CLD, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) outcomes using Python and R.

Main Results:

  • APOB carriers exhibited ~35% lower LDL-C and apoB levels, reduced triglycerides, and Lp(a).
  • Carriers had higher baseline ALT and AST, with increased CLD prevalence and incidence, especially when combined with diabetes and obesity.
  • APOB carriers showed a 57% lower ASCVD risk, but an increased risk of CLD (3.48 events/1000 person-years).

Conclusions:

  • Long-term low LDL-C from APOB LoF variants reduces ASCVD risk but increases CLD risk, particularly with diabetes and obesity.
  • These findings underscore the necessity of balancing cardiovascular benefits against hepatic safety concerns with apoB-targeting therapies.