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Related Concept Videos

Frozen Mouse Brain Tissue Sectioning: A Procedure to Obtain Thin Frozen Tissue Sections from Frozen Murine Brain Tissue02:37

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We describe a murine model of right ventricular pressure overload-induced by pulmonary trunk banding. Detailed protocols for intubation, surgery, and phenotyping by echocardiography are included in the paper. Custom-made instruments are used for intubation and surgery, allowing for fast and inexpensive reproduction of the model.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Analysis of Trunk Neural Crest Cell Migration using a Modified Zigmond Chamber Assay
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The frozen elephant trunk technique.

Masato Mutsuga1

  • 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.

Nagoya Journal of Medical Science
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique is standard for aortic arch repair but increases spinal cord injury (SCI) risk. Limiting stent length and avoiding deep landing zones can mitigate SCI and distal site new entry (d-SINE) complications.

Keywords:
distal aortic arch aneurysmelephant trunkfrozen elephant trunk

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • The frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique is an advanced method for distal aortic arch repair.
  • It allows distal anastomosis on the aortic arch, improving upon earlier techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the FET technique, its surgical outcomes, and associated complications.
  • To highlight risks such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and distal site new entry (d-SINE).

Main Methods:

  • Review of the FET technique and its application in distal aortic arch repair.
  • Analysis of complications including SCI and d-SINE.
  • Discussion of strategies to mitigate these risks.

Main Results:

  • The FET technique, while effective, carries an increased risk of SCI.
  • SCI risk is linked to stent landing zone and depth; limiting stent length to ~10 cm and avoiding landing beyond Th8 is recommended.
  • Distal site new entry (d-SINE) is another complication, potentially related to stent oversizing and spring-back force.

Conclusions:

  • The FET technique is a valuable advancement but requires careful consideration of potential complications.
  • Strategies to minimize SCI and d-SINE are crucial for patient safety and long-term outcomes.
  • Further research and adherence to best practices are needed to optimize FET technique application.