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A Scoping Review of Cultural Variables in Contingency Management for Substance Use Disorder.

Hailey E Donohue1, Brynn A Foster1, Jesse Dallery1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA.

Perspectives on Behavior Science
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Contingency management (CM) for substance use disorder (SUD) appears effective across diverse groups. However, more research is needed on how cultural factors influence treatment engagement and retention.

Keywords:
Contingency managementCultural responsivenessCultural tailoringSubstance use disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction research
  • Clinical psychology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Cultural responsiveness is crucial for effective treatment design and evaluation.
  • Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment often benefits from tailored approaches.
  • Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral intervention for SUD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the inclusion of cultural variables in contingency management (CM) for substance use disorder (SUD).
  • To identify research gaps regarding cultural tailoring in CM for SUD.
  • To assess the impact of cultural variables on CM efficacy and other treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Scoping review methodology was employed.
  • Included articles discussing cultural variables (e.g., race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation) in CM for SUD.
  • Synthesized findings on the efficacy and application of cultural variables in CM.

Main Results:

  • CM appears equally efficacious across various sociodemographic groups, including racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities.
  • Few studies examined cultural variables' impact on treatment uptake, acceptability, adherence, or retention.
  • Limited research exists on tailored CM interventions based on cultural variables.

Conclusions:

  • While CM shows broad efficacy, its effectiveness across diverse populations requires further investigation.
  • More research is needed to understand how cultural variables influence CM outcomes beyond initial efficacy.
  • Future studies should explore tailored CM interventions to enhance treatment engagement and retention for diverse individuals with SUD.