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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Published on: April 22, 2014

The inframammary fold: Structure, clinical considerations, and reconstructive techniques.

Camellia Richards¹, Sonam Patel¹, Hannah Markham²

¹Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.

|January 19, 2026

Summary

This review examines the anatomy and surgical reconstruction of the inframammary fold (IMF). It highlights challenges and debates in current literature, emphasizing the need for comparative studies on reconstructive techniques.

Keywords:

Anatomy Bottoming-out Double-bubble Gender-affirming surgery Inframammary fold Reconstruction

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Published on: August 9, 2011

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Anatomy
Surgical Reconstruction

Background:

The inframammary fold (IMF) is crucial for breast shape and position.
Surgical disruption or reconstruction of the IMF presents significant challenges.
Current literature lacks direct comparisons of various IMF reconstruction methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the macro- and microscopic anatomy of the inframammary fold.
To discuss indications and procedures for IMF reconstruction.
To consider challenges in reconstructive techniques, gender-affirming surgery, and IMF pathologies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of anatomical and surgical studies on the inframammary fold.
Analysis of existing reconstructive techniques and their reported outcomes.
Discussion of evidence levels and sample sizes in current research.

Main Results:

The anatomy of the inframammary fold is complex and its relationship with thoracic landmarks impacts reconstruction.
Various reconstructive techniques exist but lack direct comparative evidence.
Challenges include differing techniques, gender-affirming surgery, and specific IMF insufficiencies.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive understanding of inframammary fold anatomy is essential for successful reconstruction.
Further research with direct comparisons of reconstructive techniques is needed.
Addressing specific challenges in IMF reconstruction is critical for optimal patient outcomes.