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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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A Point-of-Care Device for Theophylline Quantification in Human Milk Using Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes.

Abdulrahman Al-Shami1, Mona A Mohamed1, Haozheng Ma1

  • 1Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

ACS Applied Nano Materials
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new electrochemical sensor can measure theophylline in breast milk at home. This point-of-care device helps mothers manage asthma medication safely, protecting infants from potential health risks during breastfeeding.

Keywords:
drug detectionhuman breast milklaser-induced-graphenemilk to plasma ratiopoint-of-caretheophyllinetherapeutic window

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Maternal and Infant Healthcare

Background:

  • Theophylline is a critical medication for asthma and COPD, but it has a narrow therapeutic range, necessitating careful monitoring.
  • High theophylline levels pose risks to infants via breast milk due to a significant transfer ratio (70%).
  • Current methods for monitoring theophylline are not suitable for home use, creating a gap in maternal and infant safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel point-of-care (PoC) electrochemical sensor for the direct measurement of theophylline in human breast milk.
  • To enable at-home monitoring of theophylline levels for breastfeeding mothers, enhancing infant safety and therapeutic management.
  • To provide a non-invasive and convenient tool for assessing theophylline dosage and its transfer into breast milk.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an electrochemical sensor utilizing laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes without surface modification.
  • Integration of an absorptive glass fiber layer for direct sample application and measurement, eliminating the need for sample preparation.
  • Validation of sensor performance using spiked human milk samples across different lactation stages (1, 6, and 12 months postpartum).

Main Results:

  • The developed sensor achieved a sensitivity of 0.03 μA/μM and a detection limit of 6.5 μM, suitable for therapeutic monitoring.
  • The device demonstrated high selectivity, unaffected by natural milk composition changes or the presence of other drugs.
  • Accurate measurements were obtained from spiked human milk samples, with recovery rates between 99.2% and 111.0%.

Conclusions:

  • The novel electrochemical PoC sensor offers a reliable and accessible method for monitoring theophylline in breast milk.
  • This innovation significantly advances maternal and infant healthcare by facilitating safe breastfeeding for mothers using theophylline.
  • The device empowers mothers to manage their medication effectively, ensuring the well-being of their newborns.