Emerging neurotechnological approaches to management of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease

Among non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), sleep disruption is highly prevalent and may be a target for emerging neurotechnological approaches to treatment. Neuroanatomical and chemical changes in PD significantly impact sleep regulation, affecting both REM and non-REM sleep stages. These disturbances contribute to cognitive decline and disease progression, underscoring the critical need for effective management strategies. Sleep-focused neurotechnological advancements offer promising avenues for enhancing treatment of PD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) successfully addresses maladaptive sleep behaviors exacerbated by PD and may be further enhanced with the use of sleep tracking technologies. At-home EEG-based monitoring complements CBT-I by facilitating real-time adjustments and optimizations and provides insights into personalized sleep management strategies. Additionally, neuromodulation techniques using direct stimulation aim to restore deep sleep (N3) by targeting specific brain regions affected by PD-related neurodegeneration. This article reviews the presentation of sleep disturbances in PD, explores the potential role for physiological tracking and neuromodulation in treatment of PD, and explores the use of consumer technologies to support personalized sleep management for patients and clinicians.