An in depth investigation on device-to-device communication in heterogeneous networks: opportunities and challenges

Accurate data from appropriate areas and in rural areas collect reliably and quickly with the help of UAVs. UAVs are used to gather any type of information either from land, sea, or air. The communication between UAV to UAV and UAV to the ground requires some linkage or a path for transmission. Device-to-device transmission is used to offload traffic in a congestion network. However, a D2D transmission is based on multiple networks. All these networks are collectively discussed in this paper included; cellular, 5G, military, ad-hoc, IoT, Social, and public safety scenarios. A variety of advantages in terms of reliability, latency, spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency, interference mitigation, high altitude, power optimization, autonomous relaying, increased throughput, high data rates, privacy, security, mode selection, FANET, MANET, VANET, coverage extension, and covert communication is given in this paper. Eventually, in this paper, we provide all the opportunities and challenges in D2D transmission over contrasting network domains.