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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Confidence in incomplete visual search.

Hui Men1, Alexander C Schütz1,2

  • 1Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Visual Cognition
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Confidence in visual search depends on target visibility and detection probability. Participants favored stimuli with higher confidence, improving performance by selecting more visible targets.

Keywords:
Visual searchconfidenceeye movementsmetacognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Perception
  • Visual Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visual search is crucial for daily tasks, but can be challenging under time pressure or with difficult targets.
  • Accurate confidence estimation is vital for decision-making when information is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how confidence judgments are formed during visual search.
  • To determine factors influencing confidence, such as target visibility and search difficulty.
  • To examine how confidence choices affect search performance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed visual search tasks, identifying small targets in stimuli.
  • They selected the stimulus they felt more confident about.
  • Target presence and stimulus size were manipulated to assess their impact.

Main Results:

  • Search performance (hit rate) declined with increasing gaze-target distance.
  • Confidence judgments favored smaller stimuli and responses indicating target presence.
  • Chosen stimuli showed better performance, primarily due to a higher hit rate.

Conclusions:

  • Confidence in visual search is significantly influenced by target visibility.
  • The likelihood of overlooking a target also plays a role in confidence assessment.
  • Confidence choices can improve search outcomes by guiding attention towards more promising stimuli.