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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Published on: February 14, 2017

Braking Distance and Reaction Time Unchanged Across Hand-Use Conditions in Healthy Volunteers.

Jacob Farley¹, Andrew Gaetano¹, Samuel Mircoff²

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, USA.

|January 19, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hand dominance and single versus both hand use did not significantly affect braking performance in healthy individuals using a driving simulator. This research explores driving simulator applications for assessing driving abilities, especially for those recovering from upper extremity injuries.

Keywords:

braking reaction time driving simulator hand dominance kinematics shoulder upper extremity surgery

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Area of Science:

Human Factors Engineering
Rehabilitation Technology
Automotive Safety

Background:

Assessing driver performance is crucial for road safety.
Understanding how hand use impacts vehicle control is vital for driver rehabilitation.
Driving simulators offer a controlled environment to study specific driving behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of hand dominance and single versus both hand use on braking time and distance.
To investigate the utility of driving simulator technology for assessing braking performance.
To provide data relevant to the rehabilitation of individuals with upper extremity impairments.

Main Methods:

A prospective observational study involving healthy adult volunteers.
Braking time and distance were measured using the Carnetsoft driving simulator.
Participants performed braking trials using both hands, dominant hand, and non-dominant hand.

Main Results:

No statistically significant differences were found in acceleration reaction time, brake reaction time, stop reaction time, or braking distance.
Braking performance remained consistent across all tested hand-use conditions.
Thirty-three healthy volunteers completed the study.

Conclusions:

Hand positioning does not significantly influence braking performance in healthy individuals under simulated driving conditions.
Driving simulators are a valuable tool for evaluating specific driving abilities.
Findings can inform clinical assessments and rehabilitation strategies for individuals recovering from upper extremity surgeries.