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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
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Additive genetic variance for fitness maintained by balancing selection.

Tim Connallon1, Peter Czuppon2,3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Balancing selection can maintain high additive genetic variation for fitness, contrary to classical theory. Violations of equilibrium conditions like genetic drift and temporal fluctuations generate substantial fitness variation.

Keywords:
fitnessgenetic driftgenetic variationpolymorphismpopulation geneticsquantitative genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Quantitative genetics

Background:

  • Additive genetic variation for fitness is surprisingly high in natural populations.
  • This excess variation exceeds levels expected from deleterious mutations alone.
  • Balancing selection is a potential mechanism for maintaining this variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how violations of equilibrium conditions affect additive genetic variation for fitness under balancing selection.
  • To re-evaluate the role of balancing selection in maintaining genetic variation for fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of population genetics.
  • Analysis of conditions deviating from equilibrium (genetic drift, temporal fluctuations).

Main Results:

  • Genetic drift and temporal fluctuations in fitness parameters significantly increase additive genetic variation for fitness under balancing selection.
  • Each locus under balancing selection can contribute substantially to overall fitness variation, comparable to thousands of loci at mutation-selection balance.

Conclusions:

  • Classical population genetics theory underestimates the role of balancing selection in maintaining additive genetic variation for fitness.
  • Deviations from equilibrium are crucial for understanding the high levels of fitness variation observed in natural and experimental populations.