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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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Rapid Antimicrobial Resistance Detection Methods in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Eliezer Zachary Nussbaum1,2, Sarah E Turbett3,4,5

  • 1Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat, especially to solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR). This review examines rapid diagnostic tests for AMR in SOTR, highlighting emerging data on their performance and clinical use.

Keywords:
antimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial susceptibilitysolid organ transplant

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Application of the Intelligent High-Throughput Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing/Phage Screening System and Lar Index of Antimicrobial Resistance
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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Transplant Medicine

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue.
  • Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) face higher risks of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
  • Rapid diagnostic assays for AMR are advancing and being adopted in general patient populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review Food and Drug Administration-approved, commercially available rapid AMR detection tests.
  • To summarize the current evidence on the performance and clinical utility of these tests specifically in SOTR.
  • To address the limited data available for SOTR compared to the general population.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies evaluating rapid AMR detection assays.
  • Focus on assays approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
  • Analysis of data pertaining to SOTR populations.

Main Results:

  • Emerging data show varying performance and utility of rapid AMR tests in SOTR.
  • Evidence for SOTR is less robust than for the general population.
  • Commercially available tests are increasingly being assessed for this vulnerable group.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid AMR detection tests hold promise for improving outcomes in SOTR.
  • Further research is needed to fully establish the performance and clinical utility in SOTR.
  • Integration of these tests into SOTR care pathways requires careful evaluation of available evidence.