Three-ringed mitochondrial architecture and inter-compartmental gene exchange reveal dynamic genome evolution in...

Durian (Durio zibethinus), often hailed as the "king of fruits", is a tropical tree of high economic and nutritional value whose mitochondrial genome has remained virtually unexplored. Here, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome sequences of durian, assembled from two cultivars 'Monthong' and 'Kanyao'. Both assemblies revealed a striking three-ringed multipartite structure totaling 2.27 Mb, representing the largest and most structurally complex mitogenomes reported to date in Malvaceae. These circular subgenomes are interconnected by numerous repeat sequences that mediate frequent recombination and dynamic structural interconversion. Comparative and evolutionary analyses uncovered extensive bidirectional DNA transfer among the mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes, positioning durian mitochondria as a hub of inter-compartmental gene exchange. Evolutionary rate analyses revealed that most shared organellar genes are under strong purifying selection, whereas a subset-including rps4 and atp1 exhibits signatures of adaptive evolution, suggesting fine-tuned coadaptation between the nucleus and mitochondria. Moreover, durian's mitochondrial genome is exceptionally repeat-rich: comparative mitogenomics across 25 Malvaceae species identified short repeats (30-500 bp) as major drivers of genome expansion in this lineage. Together, these findings not only fill a major gap in durian genomics but also advance our understanding of how repeat-driven structural variation and nuclear-cytoplasmic gene flux shape mitochondrial genome evolution.