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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
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Paediatric auditory brainstem implant: How we do it.

Peter John Kullar1, Simon Freeman1, Scott Rutherford1

  • 1Manchester Skull Base Unit, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK.

Acta Neurochirurgica
|January 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory brainstem implants (ABI) provide sound awareness for children with severe hearing loss who cannot receive cochlear implants. This surgical technique details pediatric ABI implantation to improve outcomes.

Keywords:
hearing implantshearing losspaediatric auditory brainstem implant

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Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a neuroprosthetic device for profound hearing loss in pediatric patients.
  • Patients ineligible for cochlear implantation due to anatomical constraints are primary candidates for ABI.
  • ABI offers an alternative solution for hearing restoration in specific pediatric cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the surgical technique for pediatric auditory brainstem implant (ABI) implantation.
  • To highlight modifications aimed at reducing complications and optimizing outcomes.
  • To present a viable surgical approach for hearing restoration in pediatric patients with profound hearing loss.

Main Methods:

  • The surgical technique involves a postauricular incision, periosteal flap creation, and a subperiosteal pocket.
  • A retrosigmoid craniotomy is performed for electrode placement near the cochlear nucleus.
  • Multi-layer closure and specific technical modifications are employed to enhance safety and efficacy.

Main Results:

  • The described surgical technique facilitates the implantation of pediatric auditory brainstem implants.
  • Novel modifications aim to minimize surgical risks and improve the functional results of ABI.
  • Successful implantation provides a pathway for auditory stimulation in eligible pediatric patients.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric auditory brainstem implants offer a crucial option for sound awareness in children with profound hearing loss.
  • ABI is indicated for patients who do not benefit from cochlear implantation or other hearing aids.
  • This surgical approach expands therapeutic possibilities for pediatric hearing loss management.