Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Protocol for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Rats using Linear Staplers

A Protocol for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Rats using Linear Staplers

Published on: August 21, 2021

Beta cell function and mass in individuals with and without remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric

Sevilay Tokgöz¹, Laura N Deden^2,3,4, Adrianne Hofboer^3,4

¹Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Sevilay.Tokgoz@radboudumc.nl.

|January 19, 2026

Abstract

Aims/Hypothesis:

In people with type 2 diabetes and obesity, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) can induce remission of diabetes. While RYGB has been reported to improve beta cell function in individuals with type 2 diabetes, it is unclear whether this is accompanied by changes in beta cell mass. In this explorative proof-of-concept study, we compared beta cell mass, measured by [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging, between individuals achieving remission of type 2 diabetes following RYGB and those not achieving remission.

Methods:

Individuals with (n=8) and without (n=9) remission of type 2 diabetes up to 4 years after RYGB were injected with 100 ± 5.6 MBq of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 to quantify beta cell mass using PET/CT imaging. Beta cell function was determined by the AUC for C-peptide and the ratio between the AUC for C-peptide and AUC for glucose obtained from a combined arginine stimulation test (ARGT) and OGTT. Acquired variables are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR) based on normality.

Results:

Individuals with remission of type 2 diabetes had a shorter diabetes duration than those without remission. After RYGB, beta cell function was higher in individuals with remission of type 2 diabetes than individuals without remission, based on both ARGTs (AUC_C-peptide/fasting glucose 1.1 ± 0.41 vs 0.32 ± 0.16 nmol × min/mmol, p=0.001) and OGTTs (AUC_C-peptide:AUC_glucose 0.15 [0.11-0.24] vs 0.032 [0.023-0.054], p=0.005). In contrast, beta cell mass did not differ between individuals with or without remission of type 2 diabetes (3.6 [3.4-5.4] vs 3.8 [1.9-4.5] kBq/MBq, p=0.87) and did not correlate with beta cell function or body weight parameters. HOMA2-%B, also representing beta cell function, was better in the remission group and significantly improved in these individuals after RYGB, whereas it remained unchanged in non-remitters.

Conclusions/Interpretation:

Individuals with remission of type 2 diabetes after RYGB have better beta cell function than those not achieving remission, but the groups did not differ with respect to beta cell mass. Our preliminary data argue against a stimulating effect of RYGB on beta cell mass, although revival of non-functional (so-called dormant) beta cells is a possible explanation for remission.

Trial Registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02542059.

Keywords:

Bariatric surgery Beta cell function Beta cell mass Exendin Molecular imaging PET imaging RYGB Type 2 diabetes

More Related Videos

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2017

Robotic Central Pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y Pancreaticojejunostomy

Robotic Central Pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y Pancreaticojejunostomy

Published on: November 20, 2021

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily involved...

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

Types of Radioactivity

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

The Representation of Different Populations in Studies Assessing the Validity of Consumer Wearable Photoplethysmography-Based Measurements: Scoping Review.

JMIR mHealth and uHealth·2026

On target? Cardiovascular risk factor patterns in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: real-world attainment of cardiovascular risk factor targets and medication prescriptions.

Diabetes research and clinical practice·2026

Experiences of receiving and delivering a novel complex intervention for type 1 diabetes and disordered eating: Process evaluation of the Safe management of people with Type 1 diabetes and EAting Disorders studY (STEADY).

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026

Exploring the gap between sensor-detected (SDH) and person-reported hypoglycaemia (PRH): The voice of people living with diabetes.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is linked with arterial stiffness across glucose metabolism: the Maastricht study.

BMJ open diabetes research & care·2026

'There is more to life than HbA1c': A comprehensive qualitative framework from the Hypo-RESOLVE project evidencing the impacts of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of adults living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026

See all related articles