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3D Printed Porous Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds
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Cell-Friendly Indirect 3D Printing Strategy for Scaffold Fabrication.

Lana Van Damme1,2,3, Phillip Blondeel2,3, Sandra Van Vlierberghe1,3

  • 1Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent Alliance for Tissue Engineering (GATE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) moulds enable the fabrication of cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE). This method overcomes viscosity limitations of certain biomaterials, facilitating 3D printing of functional TE constructs.

Keywords:
cell encapsulationnovel indirect bioprintingphoto‐crosslinkable gelatinrecombinant collagen peptide

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Bioprinting

Background:

  • Hydrogel scaffolds are crucial for tissue engineering (TE) applications.
  • Low-viscosity biomaterials pose challenges for extrusion-based 3D printing.
  • Developing methods to fabricate cell-laden scaffolds with controlled architecture is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) moulds for fabricating cell-containing hydrogel scaffolds using a bottom-up TE approach.
  • To investigate the use of PVA moulds to overcome viscosity limitations in 3D printing of hydrogels.
  • To assess the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of PVA-molded hydrogel scaffolds for soft tissue TE.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of gelatin derivatives and assessment of their gelation behavior.
  • Indirect 3D printing using water-soluble PVA moulds for low-viscosity hydrogels.
  • Characterization of scaffold properties including CAD/CAM mimicry, swelling ratio, mechanical properties, and cell viability.

Main Results:

  • PVA moulds exhibited excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, and photo-transmittance.
  • Scaffolds demonstrated high CAD/CAM mimicry (~110%) and suitable swelling ratios (4-24) for soft TE.
  • Mechanical properties (Young's moduli 0.8-2 kPa) mimicked native fatty tissue, and cell viability remained high (>80%) over 14 days.

Conclusions:

  • PVA moulds effectively shape gelatin derivatives for TE applications, ensuring cell compatibility.
  • This approach circumvents viscosity issues, enabling 3D printing of low-viscosity photo-crosslinkable hydrogels.
  • PVA-molded hydrogel scaffolds offer control over architecture and cell behavior for advanced TE.