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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge01:15

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge

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The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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The bridge rectifier is essential in electronics for efficiently converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Comprised of four diodes configured in a bridge layout, this rectifier effectively processes both the positive and negative halves of the AC waveform, making it superior to half-wave and full-wave center-tapped rectifiers in terms of voltage regulation and output stability.
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Bridging the Gap: First Clinical Experience With Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Radiosurgery Using Automated HyperARC for

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HyperArc volumetric modulated arc therapy (HA-VMAT) offers precise treatment for brain metastases. This study shows HA-VMAT is safe and effective for stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy, improving local control and reducing complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Brain metastasis is a growing concern in cancer care.
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (fSRT) are standard treatments for limited brain metastases.
  • Advanced systems like linear accelerator (LINAC)-based HyperArc volumetric modulated arc therapy (HA-VMAT) provide high-precision radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the initial clinical experience using the HA-VMAT planning approach for brain metastases.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of HA-VMAT in treating brain metastases.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 72 patients with 1-5 brain metastases treated with SRS/SRT using HA-VMAT.
  • Dosimetric evaluation of clinical characteristics and patient outcomes.
  • Treatment involved single-fraction SRS or fractionated SRT, with varying prescribed doses (EQD2).

Main Results:

  • 86 brain metastases in 72 patients were treated between April 2020 and June 2021.
  • Breast cancer was the most common histology (66.7%).
  • Complete response was observed in 12.5% of patients, with 1-year progression-free survival at 54.6%. Only one case of radiation necrosis occurred.

Conclusions:

  • HA-VMAT is a safe and effective technique for treating brain metastases with SRS/fSRT.
  • This approach enhances local control and minimizes the risk of local complications.
  • Clinical outcomes demonstrate the feasibility of HA-VMAT for brain metastasis management.