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Using Complex Interventions to Develop Programme Theory for a Family-Focused Model of Telepalliative Care.

Eithne Hayes Bauer1,2,3,4, Anders Nikolai Ørsted Schultz1,2,3, Anthony C Smith3,5

  • 1Internal Medicine Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark.

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|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing a family-focused telepalliative care model requires structured approaches to sustain virtual care. Enhancing clinician digital competency and balancing technology with in-person visits are crucial for effective and equitable patient support.

Keywords:
complex interventionsfamily‐focused carepalliative careprogramme theorytelehealthtelepalliative care

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Area of Science:

  • Palliative Care
  • Digital Health
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Telepalliative care offers convenience but faces sustainability challenges.
  • Structured, culturally aligned models are needed for long-term success.
  • Family-centered approaches enhance conventional palliative care services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop programme theory for a family-focused telepalliative care model.
  • Address challenges in sustaining telepalliative care interventions.
  • Integrate adult patient and family needs within virtual palliative care.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the British Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions.
  • Collected data through stakeholder workshops, observations, and interviews.
  • Performed reflexive thematic and secondary data analyses to build programme theory.

Main Results:

  • Identified three key themes: adapting to virtual care norms, balancing technology with face-to-face consultations, and ensuring governance and equity.
  • Explored how professionals, patients, and families adapted to virtual interactions without structured guidance.
  • Examined factors influencing the implementation, sustainability, and equitable access of telepalliative care.

Conclusions:

  • Clinician digital competency directly impacts patient and family benefits in telepalliative care.
  • Enhancing clinicians' digital skills is essential for effective virtual palliative care delivery.
  • Prioritizing initial face-to-face visits and managing technology's role are critical considerations.