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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process.  If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
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Binary Acids and Bases
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Bipolar Hydrogen Production from a Hybrid Alkaline-Acidic Formaldehyde-Proton Fuel Cell.

Feifan Liu1, Lun He1, Lvlv Ji1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel formaldehyde-proton fuel cell (FPFC) that generates hydrogen and electricity simultaneously. By utilizing formaldehyde oxidation and a hybrid electrolyte, it significantly reduces energy input compared to traditional water splitting.

Keywords:
electrocatalysiselectrochemical neutralization energyformaldehyde oxidation reactionfuel cellhydrogen evolution reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Conventional water splitting for hydrogen production requires substantial electrical energy input due to a positive Gibbs free energy.
  • Replacing the oxygen evolution reaction with small-molecule oxidation can thermodynamically favor hydrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a thermodynamically downhill system for hydrogen production and electricity generation.
  • To design a bifunctional catalyst promoting both formaldehyde oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid alkaline-acidic electrolyte configuration was employed in a formaldehyde-proton fuel cell (FPFC).
  • A bifunctional ruthenium-doped copper catalyst (Ru─Cu NTs@CM) was synthesized and characterized.
  • Electrochemical measurements and (quasi) in situ characterizations combined with theoretical calculations were performed.

Main Results:

  • The FPFC achieved a significantly reduced Gibbs free energy of -101.5 kJ mol⁻¹.
  • The Ru-doped Cu catalyst exhibited superior activity and durability for both reactions compared to pristine catalysts.
  • A peak power density of 18.3 mW cm⁻² was reached, enabling concurrent H₂ production and electricity generation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed FPFC system offers an energy-efficient pathway for simultaneous hydrogen and electricity generation.
  • Ruthenium doping plays a crucial role in enhancing the catalytic performance and stability of copper-based catalysts.
  • This approach demonstrates a promising strategy for sustainable energy conversion using formaldehyde as a fuel.