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When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Lifetime Stressor Exposure Profiles and Trait Risk for Substance Use in Young Adults.

Zach J Gray¹, Josiah K Leong¹, Jennifer C Veilleux¹

¹Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.

Substance Use & Misuse

|January 20, 2026

Summary

Stressor exposure timing impacts substance use severity. Mismatched or high cumulative stress, from early to recent life, predicts increased alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use in young adults.

Keywords:

Stress cumulative adversity stress mismatch substance use

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Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Published on: December 14, 2014

Area of Science:

Developmental psychology
Substance use research
Neuroscience of addiction

Background:

Substance use severity is influenced by developmental and psychological factors.
The timing of stressor exposure across the lifespan is a critical, yet understudied, factor.
Previous research focused on early-life stress, but emerging evidence highlights the importance of developmental timing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between distinct stressor exposure profiles and substance use severity.
To examine consistent versus mismatching patterns of early-life and recent stressor exposure.
To analyze these associations in a young adult college student sample.

Main Methods:

Multivariate cluster analysis to identify stressor exposure profiles.
Assessment of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use severity.
Regression analyses to control for psychological predictors.

Main Results:

Seven distinct developmental stressor exposure profiles were identified.
Both high cumulative stress and mismatching stress patterns predicted greater substance use severity.
These stress profile predictions remained significant after accounting for other psychological factors.

Conclusions:

Stressor patterning and individual attributes jointly contribute to substance use severity.
Findings support the development of personalized risk profiles for substance use.
Understanding stressor timing offers new avenues for prevention and intervention strategies.