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Dual-Pathway CO Sensing Mechanism in Pd-Loaded SnO2 Nanocrystals: An Operando Spectroscopic Study.

Soki Yoneda1, Yuki Shimada1, Muhammad Sohail Ahmad2

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed palladium-loaded tin dioxide (Pd-SnO2) nanocrystals for enhanced carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensing. The novel material shows high sensitivity at low temperatures, driven by a non-oxidative sensing mechanism.

Keywords:
CO detectionMOS gas sensorOnline gas analysisSnO2gas sensing mechanismoperando DRIFTSoperando Ramanoperando UV−Vis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a widely used metal oxide semiconductor for gas sensing.
  • Developing highly sensitive and selective CO sensors, especially for low-temperature operation, remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize Pd-loaded SnO2 nanocrystals.
  • To investigate the CO sensing performance and mechanism of Pd-SnO2 at various temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Hot soap synthesis method for Pd-SnO2 nanocrystals.
  • Structural and surface analyses (XRD, SEM, TEM).
  • Operando DRIFTS, UV-Vis, and Raman spectroscopy for mechanism investigation.
  • Gas sensing measurements at different temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Uniform Pd dispersion and porous film architecture in Pd-SnO2.
  • Significantly enhanced CO sensitivity (S=5300 at 100 °C) for Pd-SnO2 compared to pristine SnO2.
  • Temperature-dependent sensing mechanism: non-oxidative CO adsorption at low temperatures and oxidative CO combustion at high temperatures.
  • Confirmation of Pd-associated acid sites' role in CO chemisorption.

Conclusions:

  • Pd-loaded SnO2 nanocrystals offer superior CO sensing performance at low temperatures.
  • The non-oxidative CO adsorption mechanism on Pd sites is crucial for high sensitivity.
  • Optimizing CO adsorption and suppressing combustion are key strategies for advanced MOX-based CO sensors.