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Related Concept Videos

Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
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Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

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Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
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A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n)  to the number of categories (k).
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Shared EPA Expectations: Mapping Micro-Assessments to The Traditional Rotational Training Framework.

Shannon Barter1, Elisabeth T Tracy2, Kevin Shah1

  • 1Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina.

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|January 20, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study examined how Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) fit into general surgery residency training. Findings reveal poor agreement between faculty and residents on EPA frequency, highlighting a need for clearer expectations in competency-based surgical education.

Keywords:
compentency-basedcurriculumentrustable professional activitiesgeneral surgeryprogram assessmentsurgical education

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Competency-Based Education

Background:

  • Transitioning surgical training to competency-based models requires effective formative assessment tools like Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs).
  • Integrating EPAs into traditional time-based residency frameworks presents implementation challenges.
  • Understanding EPA alignment with existing training structures is crucial for successful adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the fit of EPA clinical content areas within a time-based general surgery residency program.
  • To identify opportunities and challenges for bolstering EPA implementation in surgical training.

Main Methods:

  • Faculty and residents surveyed on EPA performance frequency across rotations over 6 months.
  • EPA exposure data mapped to clinical year-specific training schedules.
  • Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) calculated to assess faculty-resident agreement.

Main Results:

  • Consultations (EPA 7) emerged as the most frequent EPA opportunity across training years.
  • Trends in EPA opportunities varied by clinical year and training phase.
  • Poor ICC values indicated low agreement between faculty and residents regarding EPA task performance.

Conclusions:

  • Alignment analysis revealed areas of low EPA frequency and agreement within the residency structure.
  • Results will inform EPA implementation by establishing shared expectations.
  • Developing a rotation-specific EPA roadmap can guide integration into time-based surgical training.