Electronic and optical properties of ultra-wide gap two-dimensional germanium dioxide

We employ first principles density-functional theory and the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) in the framework of tight-binding based maximally localized Wannier functions model to investigate the electronic and optical properties of free-standing two-dimensional (2D) germanium dioxide phases. All investigated 2D GeO₂polymorphs exhibit ultra-wide band gaps (3.6-5.3 eV) and strong excitonic effects, with valence bands tunable under strain. These features allow the design of materials with ultra large electronic gaps in low-dimensional systems, making these materials promising for devices operation at higher voltages and temperatures than conventional semiconductor materials.