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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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Trends of microextraction methods for opioids in complex samples.

Mei-di Wang1, Yuan Zhang1, Ping-Yuan Zhang1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced microextraction techniques like LPME and SPME offer improved opioid detection. Innovations in materials and solvents enhance sensitivity, speed, and environmental friendliness for combating the opioid crisis.

Keywords:
Green analytical chemistryIonic liquidsMicroextraction techniquesMolecularly imprinted polymersOpioids

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Forensic Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • The global opioid crisis is escalating, with significant increases in overdose deaths, necessitating improved detection methods.
  • Opioids encompass natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic compounds, posing severe public health risks due to misuse.
  • Current detection methods face limitations that advanced analytical techniques aim to overcome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight innovative microextraction technologies for opioid detection.
  • To discuss advancements in liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
  • To explore the application of green chemistry principles in opioid analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent innovations in LPME, including surfactant-assisted and hollow fiber techniques.
  • Exploration of novel sorbent materials for SPME, such as molecularly imprinted polymers and graphene oxide.
  • Discussion of eco-friendly solvents like deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids for enhanced selectivity.

Main Results:

  • New LPME and SPME methods demonstrate high recovery rates and minimize solvent consumption.
  • Advanced materials (nanocomposites, magnetic materials) improve efficiency and reduce analysis time.
  • Novel solvents enhance selectivity and enrichment factors for opioid detection.

Conclusions:

  • Microextraction technologies are advancing analytical precision and adhering to green chemistry principles for opioid detection.
  • Integration with portable platforms enables rapid, on-site detection in forensic and clinical settings.
  • Development of disposable field testing devices offers cost-effective solutions for opioid residue analysis.