EEG/MEG-based biomarkers of cognitive training effects in schizophrenia: A systematic review

This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of cognitive training methods on brain electrical activity in patients with schizophrenia, focusing on studies published between January 2010 and October 2025 in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Twenty experimental and quasi-experimental studies were included in the study, examining various cognitive training methods, including auditory, visual, emotional, and social skills training. These studies measured Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG) metrics, including oscillations, mismatch negativity (MMN), and event-related potentials (ERPs), to assess changes in neural activity associated with schizophrenia. Findings demonstrate that different cognitive training methods may improve neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma and alpha bands, and may enhance cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and emotional regulation. While some studies have shown limited effects on specific EEG and MEG indices, the overall evidence suggests that personalized cognitive interventions can promote neuroplasticity and cognitive recovery in individuals with schizophrenia. These findings show the potential of integrating EEG/MEG-based biomarkers into clinical practices to enhance the effect of treatment and improve neural outcomes for schizophrenia patients.