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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
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Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering

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TRIXS: a multilayer grating solution towards highly efficient resonant inelastic tender X-ray scattering.

Ke-Jin Zhou1,2, Qiushi Huang3,4,5,6, Mirian Garcia-Fernandez7

  • 1Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom. kjzhou@ustc.edu.cn.

Light, Science & Applications
|January 20, 2026
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Summary

A new laterally graded multilayer grating (MLG) enables tender X-ray resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) for 4d transition metals. This advancement significantly boosts photon flux and maintains high resolution, expanding RIXS capabilities.

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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is crucial for condensed matter physics research.
  • Existing RIXS instrumentation covers soft and hard X-rays, but tender X-rays (2000-3000 eV) for 4d transition metals are underdeveloped due to limitations in energy-dispersive optics.
  • This gap hinders the study of a significant class of transition metal materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a high-performance energy-dispersive optic for tender X-ray RIXS.
  • To establish tender X-ray RIXS capabilities at the I21 RIXS beamline.
  • To expand the accessible energy range of RIXS spectroscopy for studying 4d transition metal materials.

Main Methods:

  • Development and fabrication of a laterally graded multilayer grating (MLG) optic.
  • Implementation of the MLG optic at the I21 RIXS beamline.
  • Performance evaluation using Sulfur K-edge and Ru L3-edge measurements.

Main Results:

  • The MLG optic significantly increased photon flux by over an order of magnitude compared to single-layer gratings (SLG) at Sulfur K-edge (2475 eV) and Ru L3-edge (2838 eV).
  • The MLG optic maintained the high energy resolution (~10,000) of the SLG design.
  • The MLG optic provides continuous operation across the 2000-3000 eV tender X-ray range.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MLG optic successfully establishes tender X-ray RIXS capabilities at the I21 beamline.
  • The I21 beamline is now the first RIXS facility globally offering continuous coverage from soft to tender X-rays (280-3000 eV) using grating-based spectroscopy.
  • This advancement opens new avenues for diverse scientific applications in condensed matter and materials science.