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Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Large volumes of epoxy-containing carbon fibre (CF) waste are generated annually.
  • Current recycling methods focus on CF recovery, neglecting waste upcycling into higher-value materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient upcycling technique for epoxy-containing CF waste.
  • To convert CF waste into graphene-grafted CFs (GCFs) and graphene powders.

Main Methods:

  • A novel solid-flames upcycling technique utilizing magnesium (Mg) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powders as reactants.
  • Rapid conversion of CF waste within seconds using the Mg/CaCO3 solid-flames.

Main Results:

  • Successful conversion of CF waste into GCFs and graphene powders.
  • The Mg/CaCO3 solid-flames facilitate C-O bond disconnection and C-C bond interconnection, forming graphene-CF grafting microstructures.
  • The process demonstrates superior sustainability metrics.

Conclusions:

  • The solid-flames upcycling technique offers a viable strategy for the long-term management of accumulating CF wastes.
  • The produced GCFs and graphene powders have potential applications in reinforced graphite composites and electromagnetic interference shielding.