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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.0K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Calcium ionic replacement in sodium trimetaphosphate particles: a novel strategy for bone tissue engineering.

Gabriel Pereira Nunes1,2,3, Carla Ferreira-Baptista2,3, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem1

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|January 20, 2026
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Calcium trimetaphosphate (CaTMP) shows enhanced osteogenic potential compared to sodium trimetaphosphate (NaTMP) for bone regeneration. CaTMP supports cell growth and significantly boosts bone marker expression, indicating promise for bone tissue engineering.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Sodium trimetaphosphate (NaTMP) shows potential in bone regeneration.
  • The osteogenic effects of calcium trimetaphosphate (CaTMP) are largely unexplored.
  • Investigating CaTMP as a substitute for NaTMP in bone engineering is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize CaTMP.
  • To compare the osteogenic properties of CaTMP and NaTMP in vitro.
  • To evaluate CaTMP's potential for bone tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro cytocompatibility and osteogenic assays using MG-63 and BM-MSC cells.
  • Analysis of cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.
  • Gene expression analysis of osteogenic markers and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for particle uptake.

Main Results:

  • Both NaTMP and CaTMP demonstrated biocompatibility and supported cell proliferation.
  • CaTMP significantly enhanced ALP activity in both cell types at 50 µg/mL.
  • CaTMP treatment led to elevated expression of key osteogenic markers in BM-MSCs.

Conclusions:

  • CaTMP exhibits superior osteogenic potential compared to NaTMP.
  • CaTMP enhances osteoblastic differentiation, likely due to calcium's role in bone pathways.
  • CaTMP represents a promising strategy for bone regeneration and tissue engineering.