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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

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Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings01:29

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Growth-Friendly Surgery Improves Diaphragm Positioning, Thoracic Dimensions, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Neuromuscular Scoliosis.

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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods
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Indications for magnetically controlled growing rods have evolved over time.

Katherine D Sborov1, Paal K Nilssen1, Lindsay M Andras2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 444 S San Vicente Blvd #901, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.

Spine Deformity
|January 20, 2026
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Summary

Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) saw rapid initial use for scoliosis treatment, but usage declined after 2017. Recent trends show increased application in neuromuscular cases and larger curves.

Keywords:
Early-onset scoliosisIndicationsMCGRMagnetically controlled growing rodsScoliosis

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Spine Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) offer a less invasive approach to scoliosis management.
  • Understanding trends in MCGR utilization is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the temporal trends in the utilization of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) for scoliosis treatment.
  • To identify factors influencing the adoption and evolution of MCGR use over time.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-center pediatric spine database was queried for patients treated with MCGRs between 2014 and 2021.
  • Analysis included demographic data, scoliosis etiology, surgical approach (index vs. conversion), and curve magnitude.

Main Results:

  • MCGR usage surged post-2014, peaking by 2017, followed by a steady decline through 2021.
  • Primary MCGR implantation increased from 67% to 99%, while utilization shifted towards neuromuscular scoliosis and larger curves (>80 degrees).
  • Age and weight showed minimal variation, but use in smaller curves (<60 degrees) decreased.

Conclusions:

  • Initial broad adoption of MCGRs has evolved, with current indications focusing on specific patient populations.
  • The trend indicates a shift towards using MCGRs for more complex cases, including neuromuscular scoliosis and larger spinal deformities.