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Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...
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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Development of a colorimetric RT-LAMP-based microfluidic device for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

Tatsuya Sakurai1, Hiroka Aonuma2, Daigo Natsuhara3

  • 1Laboratory Animal Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. tsakurai@jikei.ac.jp.

Tropical Medicine and Health
|January 21, 2026
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Summary

A new colorimetric reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) microfluidic device offers a rapid and sensitive method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This assay provides high specificity, making it suitable for point-of-care diagnostics in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
COVID-19Infectious diseaseMicrofluidic deviceMolecular detectionRT-LAMPVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Accurate and rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 is crucial for controlling SARS-CoV-2 spread.
  • Current methods like RT-qPCR require specialized labs and equipment.
  • Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) offers a faster, simpler alternative under isothermal conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a colorimetric reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
  • To integrate the RT-LAMP assay into a microfluidic device for enhanced usability.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the developed microfluidic device.

Main Methods:

  • Designed RT-LAMP primers targeting conserved SARS-CoV-2 E and RdRp genes.
  • Utilized hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) for visual colorimetric detection.
  • Fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device with five reaction chambers.
  • Tested RNA from nasopharyngeal swabs using the RT-LAMP microfluidic device and compared with RT-qPCR.

Main Results:

  • The RT-LAMP microfluidic device demonstrated 100% specificity.
  • Overall sensitivity was 75.8% for samples with Ct ≤ 35.
  • Sensitivity was higher for samples with lower Ct values (higher viral load): 100% for Ct ≤ 25, 88.6% for Ct ≤ 30, and 50% for 30 < Ct ≤ 35.

Conclusions:

  • The colorimetric RT-LAMP microfluidic device provides simple, rapid, and reliable SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection.
  • The device's visual output and minimal equipment requirements make it ideal for point-of-care and resource-limited settings.
  • Performance is comparable or superior to commonly used lateral flow tests for COVID-19 diagnostics.