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Higher-order processes shape diverse patterns in biodiversity.

Yikang Lu^1,2, Rong Fan¹, Yali Zhang¹

¹Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, School of Statistics and Mathematics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China.

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|January 21, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Higher-order competition significantly enhances species diversity in ecological systems. This study reveals its crucial role in stabilizing biodiversity through complex spatial patterns.

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Theoretical Ecology
Mathematical Biology

Background:

Species diversity is vital for ecosystem stability.
Intraspecific competition dynamics are key to understanding ecological interactions.
Higher-order competitive processes have been under-explored in spatial models.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of intraspecific competition on interspecific interactions.
To analyze how higher-order competitive processes influence biodiversity conservation.
To explore spatial patterns arising from these interactions in hyperlattice frameworks.

Main Methods:

Utilized numerical simulations on spatially embedded hyperlattice frameworks.
Incorporated higher-order competitive processes into ecological models.
Performed snapshot analyses to identify emergent spatial patterns.

Main Results:

Increased higher-order competition significantly boosts species diversity.
Higher mobility did not negate the positive effect of higher-order competition on biodiversity.
Identified four distinct spatial patterns: regular patterns, two-species dominance, spiral waves, and single-species dominance.

Conclusions:

Higher-order competitive interactions play a critical role in maintaining and stabilizing ecological diversity.
Spatial patterns are direct consequences of species interactions and competition levels.
The findings highlight the importance of considering complex competitive dynamics in ecological theory.