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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Free-falling Bodies: Example01:05

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An object falling without any air resistance under the influence of gravitational force is said to be in free-fall. For free-falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity is constant, irrespective of their mass. Free-fall is experienced not only by objects falling downward, but also by all objects whose motion is influenced by gravitational force alone. The dynamics of free-fall motion can be calculated using kinematic equations of motion, since free-fall acceleration is constant.
The...
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Colloids and Suspensions01:17

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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All objects, neglecting air resistance, fall with the same acceleration towards the Earth's center due to the force exerted by the Earth's gravity. This experimentally determined fact is unexpected because we are so accustomed to the effects of air resistance and friction that we expect light objects to fall slower than heavier ones. People believed that a heavier object had a greater acceleration when falling until Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) proved otherwise. We now know this is...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Subatomic Particles03:37

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy
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Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy

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Exit time of colloidal particles from falling drops.

Nishanth Murugan1, Anubhab Roy1

  • 1Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Department of Applied Mechanics, Chennai 600036, India.

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|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Convective transport in sedimenting drops significantly impacts colloidal particle exit times. Brownian dynamics simulations reveal how Péclet numbers, balancing flow and fluctuations, dictate particle escape, crucial for understanding colloidal dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Interface Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Sedimenting drops create internal flow fields (Hadamard-Rybczynski flow).
  • Colloidal particles within these drops experience both convective transport and Brownian motion.
  • Understanding particle dynamics is key in fields like materials science and biophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how convective transport within a sedimenting drop affects a colloidal particle's exit time.
  • To quantify the influence of the Péclet number on particle exit dynamics.
  • To model particle exit as a first-passage process.

Main Methods:

  • Brownian dynamics simulations were employed to compute particle exit times.
  • The Péclet number (Pe) was systematically varied to represent different balances of convection and diffusion.
  • The backward Kolmogorov equation was used for analytical and numerical modeling of the first-passage process.

Main Results:

  • Exit times are strongly dependent on the particle's starting position within the drop and the Péclet number.
  • Asymptotic solutions for low (Pe≪1) and high (Pe≫1) Péclet numbers were derived.
  • Numerical solutions provided a comprehensive mean exit time as a function of Pe.

Conclusions:

  • Convective transport within sedimenting drops is a critical factor governing colloidal particle exit times.
  • The Péclet number effectively characterizes the interplay between fluid flow and thermal fluctuations in determining particle escape.
  • This study provides a framework for predicting colloidal particle behavior in complex fluid environments.