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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
Published on: September 8, 2017
Eco-Friendly Preparation of High-Quality Lead-Free Halide Ferroelectric Solid-Solution Toward High-Performance X-ray
Chang-Feng Wang1, Haojin Li2, Cai Ning3,4
1Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P.R. China.
None:
Bi/Sb-based halide ferroelectrics have become promising lead-free alternatives due to their excellent stability and environmental friendliness. However, their wide bandgaps and limited charge-carrier mobility-lifetime (µτ) product impede their optoelectronic performance. Here, we report a new eco-friendly method for growing lead-free halide ferroelectric solid-solution (HDA)Sb1-xBixI5 (x = 0-1) (HDA = hexane-1,6-diammonium), by isothermal evaporation from a biomass-derived solvent, γ-valerolactone (GVL). The solid-solution strategy, good material stability,- and high-quality centimeter-sized single-crystals not only endow the (HDA)Sb0.39Bi0.61I5 with the narrowest bandgap of 1.64 eV among Bi/Sb-based halide ferroelectrics, but also enhance its µτ product by approximately two orders of magnitude compared with the parent (HDA)SbI5. Benefiting from these attributes and the intrinsic ferroelectric spontaneous polarization, the X-ray detector based on (HDA)Sb0.39Bi0.61I5 exhibits excellent self-powered detection performance with a high sensitivity of 1,040 µC Gyair -1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 0.25 nGyair s-1. More excitingly, its detection sensitivity can reach 17,560 µC Gyair -1 cm-2, which is the highest among reported halide ferroelectrics, and superior to that of most halide detectors. This work opens new avenues for the rational engineering of Bi/Sb-based halide ferroelectrics for advanced optoelectronic applications.
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