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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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Incubation and Overwintering Conditions Influence Righting Performance of Hatchling Turtles.

Molly Folkerts Caldwell1, Daniel A Warner1,2, Matthew E Wolak1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.

Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Ecological and Integrative Physiology
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early life conditions impact turtle development. Aquatic overwintering turtles developed faster righting responses when incubated at cooler temperatures, unlike terrestrial turtles.

Keywords:
Trachemys scriptadevelopmental plasticityegg incubationlocomotor performancerighting response

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • Herpetology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Early life environmental conditions significantly influence phenotypes in oviparous ectotherms.
  • The pond slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) has critical early life stages (egg and overwintering) vulnerable to ambient conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the combined effects of incubation temperature and overwinter environment on hatchling turtle performance.
  • To assess how these factors influence physical dimensions and righting response, a measure of neuromuscular function.

Main Methods:

  • Pond slider eggs were incubated at five constant temperatures (24°C–32°C) across two years.
  • Hatchlings were then assigned to simulated terrestrial nest or aquatic overwintering treatments.
  • Righting response trials were conducted in the spring to measure performance.

Main Results:

  • Incubation temperature, overwinter environment, and their interaction significantly affected hatchling phenotypes and righting performance.
  • Aquatically overwintering hatchlings showed temperature-dependent righting speed (cooler incubation = faster response).
  • Terrestrially overwintering hatchlings exhibited consistently faster righting times, irrespective of incubation temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Overwintering environment plays a crucial role in shaping hatchling performance.
  • Terrestrial overwintering may enhance hatchling preparedness for post-emergence terrestrial dispersal.
  • Understanding these early life influences is key for predicting turtle population dynamics and responses to environmental change.