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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Reprogrammable Phase-Transition Composites for Adaptive Dynamic Shape Morphing.

Yiding Zhong1, Wei Tang1, Xinyu Guo1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed reprogrammable phase-transition composites for adaptive robot deformation. This smart material enables controllable, dynamic shape changes, enhancing robotic environmental adaptability and functionality.

Keywords:
adaptive soft roboticsenergy storagephase‐transition compositesreprogrammable deformationshape locking

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Smart Materials

Background:

  • Adaptive dynamic deformation is crucial for robots to navigate complex environments.
  • Current challenges include designing flexible smart materials with programmable deformation control.
  • Nature utilizes phase transitions for biological tissue shaping and growth modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel reprogrammable phase-transition composite for adaptive dynamic deformation in robotic systems.
  • To achieve controllable, localized, and rapid deformation modulation.
  • To enable robots with enhanced environmental adaptability through active deformation control.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reversible solid-liquid phase transition to control material stiffness.
  • Employed reversible liquid-vapor phase transition for actuation-driven deformation.
  • Regulated the order of phase transitions for programmable deformation control.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated reprogrammable and locally programmable deformation capabilities.
  • Achieved rapid deformation and stable shape locking.
  • Validated the effectiveness of the phase-transition composite through functional enhancements and applications.

Conclusions:

  • The developed phase-transition composite offers a viable mechanism for adaptive dynamic deformation in robots.
  • This technology enables robots with reversible and reprogrammable active deformation modulation.
  • Opens new possibilities for advanced robotic systems with enhanced environmental interaction.